La situazione di emergenza ha un notevole impatto sui rapporti di appalto in generale e su quelli edili in particolare.
Il quadro epidemiologico comporta, innanzitutto, la necessità di aggiornare i piani di sicurezza e di coordinamento e, in secondo luogo, pone il problema dell’inevitabile incremento dei costi, soprattutto in termini di minor produttività della manodopera, che le procedure necessarie al contenimento della diffusione virale determina.
Il Governo, lo scorso mese di marzo, nel fornire indicazioni in merito alle attività di cantiere non sospese, nelle faq pubblicate sul sito istituzionale, ha chiarito che le imprese appaltatrici devono applicare per la tutela della salute dei lavoratori i protocolli di sicurezza finalizzati ad impedire la diffusione del contagio e che il coordinatore per l’esecuzione dei lavori deve provvedere, ai sensi del d. lgs. n. 81/2008, ad integrare il Piano di sicurezza e di coordinamento ed a redigere la relativa stima dei costi.
I committenti devono, da parte loro, vigilare affinché siano adottate tutte le misure di sicurezza indicate.
L’Allegato XV al d. lgs. n. 81/2008, che stabilisce i contenuti minimi dei piani di sicurezza nei cantieri temporanei o mobili, al paragrafo 4, dedicato alla stima dei costi della sicurezza, indica tra tali costi, da stimare per tutta la durata dell’appalto, quelli relativi:
– agli apprestamenti previsti nel PSC;
– alle misure preventive e protettive e dei dispositivi di protezione individuale eventualmente previsti nel PSC per lavorazioni interferenti;
– ai mezzi e servizi di protezione collettiva;
– alle procedure contenute nel PSC e previste per specifici motivi di sicurezza;
– agli eventuali interventi finalizzati alla sicurezza e richiesti per lo sfasamento spaziale o temporale delle lavorazioni interferenti;
– alle misure di coordinamento relative all’uso comune di apprestamenti, attrezzature, infrastrutture, mezzi e servizi di protezione collettiva.
L’ANCE ha messo a disposizione lo scorso 21 aprile un foglio di calcolo – allegato in formato excel – che individua i costi di calcolo che secondo l’Associazione dei costruttori dovrebbero essere riportati nelle integrazioni dei piani di sicurezza e coordinamento.
La stessa Associazione lo scorso 27 aprile in vista della riapertura dei cantieri ha messo a disposizione due modelli – che si allegano in formato pdf – rispettivamente per gli appalti pubblici e per gli appalti privati, di richieste ai committenti che dovrebbero stimolare un confronto congiunto sulle principali tematiche poste dalla situazione emergenziale finalizzate a raggiungere un nuovo equilibrio sinallagmatico dell’appalto.
Ovviamente, oltre alla questione dell’adozione delle misure di sicurezza e dei relativi oneri il problema che si prospetta è quello dell’aumento dei costi della manodopera per la ridotta produttività ostacolata, rispetto al quadro preso a riferimento al momento della sottoscrizione del contratto originario, dalle procedure di contenimento.
Il problema rinvia per gli appalti privati direttamente alla disciplina dettata dall’art. 1664 c.c. che, rubricato alla ‘onerosità o difficoltà dell’esecuzione’, stabilisce quanto segue:
“Qualora per effetto di circostanze imprevedibili si siano verificati aumenti o diminuzioni nel costo dei materiali o della mano d’opera, tali da determinare un aumento o una diminuzione superiori al decimo del prezzo complessivo convenuto, l’appaltatore o il committente possono chiedere una revisione del prezzo medesimo. La revisione può esser accordata solo per quella differenza che eccede il decimo.
Se nel corso dell’opera si manifestano difficoltà di esecuzione derivanti da cause geologiche, idriche e simili, non previste dalle parti, che rendano notevolmente più onerosa la prestazione dell’appaltatore, questi ha diritto a un equo compenso”.
Per gli appalti pubblici, invece, prevale la disciplina in tema di revisione dei prezzi di settore, speciale rispetto a quella generale codicistica.
Occorrerà, dunque, affrontare tutte le tematiche ermeneutiche che tale previsione codicistica impone e, dunque, in via esemplificativa dalla derogabilità espressa o tacita della disposizione di cui al primo comma e dalla conseguente inapplicabilità della revisione del corrispettivo in caso di determinazione della stesso a forfait; alla possibilità o meno di ricondurre nella categoria residuale del secondo comma “difficoltà di esecuzione derivanti da cause geologiche, idriche e simili” la pandemia in atto; al coordinamento della norma speciale con la disciplina generale della risoluzione del contratto per eccessiva onerosità sopravvenuta di cui all’art. 1667 c.c..
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